Social Participation

Social Participation

ECOVE firmly believes that a company's value comes not only from operational performance but also from its active contributions to society. As a responsible corporate citizen, we are committed to promoting social development, striving to align business operations with social responsibility, and fostering a sustainable and prosperous future. We have long focused on social needs, transforming our corporate influence into positive social energy through three main pillars: "Community Activities Linking Operations," "Long-term Community Building," and "Corporate Volunteerism for Mutual Benefit." The company actively encourages employees to participate in volunteer services, caring not only for local communities and disadvantaged groups but also hoping that employees gain a sense of achievement and life balance while giving back, thereby creating a warmer corporate culture.
 
In 2024, ECOVE will continue to engage in public welfare actions, caring for local disadvantaged groups. Throughout the year, a total of 502 people took part in volunteer activities, accumulating 3,952 hours of service, demonstrating our commitment to corporate citizenship through tangible actions. We will continue to deepen our social participation, leveraging corporate strength to promote social wellbeing, and work together to create a warmer and more sustainable future.

Operations-related community activities

Environmental protection is not only about technology and policy but also relies heavily on public participation and awareness. Therefore, ECOVE actively promotes environmental education through diverse learning channels and hands-on experiences, instilling environmental consciousness in people's hearts. Currently, five of the company's locations have been certified as environmental education facilities, becoming enjoyable learning bases for the public. Among them, the Miaoli Plant has even been selected as a designated visiting facility for the international event "Explore Taiwan 120h," fully demonstrating the importance and impact of its environmental education efforts.
 
In order to cultivate the correct values regarding environmental protection in the next generation and promote the concept of sustainable living, ECOVE has partnered with the CTCI Education Foundation since 2018 to launch the "Step by step: Factories for Sustainable Environmental Education" program. This initiative targets elementary schools across Taiwan, actively entering campuses to root environmental education, allowing children to establish a consciousness of sustainable development from a young age. In 2021, ECOVE and the CTCI Education Foundation joined forces again to initiate the second phase of the "Step by step: Factories for Sustainable Environmental Education" program, continuing to deepen environmental education and aligning it with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). With an international perspective, they promote local environmental education, and in 2024, they will collaborate with the Taiwan Purple crow butterfly Ecological Conservation Association to incorporate butterfly conservation into the curriculum. Through these efforts, we not only convey environmental knowledge but also hope to inspire the younger generation to become practitioners of environmental protection in the future, working together to create a more sustainable planet.

"Taiwan in My Eyes 120h"

The "Taiwan in My Eyes 120h" initiative is a collaborative international event organized by the CTCI Education Foundation (CTCI Education Foundation, abbreviated as CTCIEF) and the Center for Corporate Sustainability (CCS). Each year, it specifically arranges for both
domestic and international undergraduate and graduate students from universities to form groups and visit benchmark enterprises in Taiwan, integrating the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
 
The opening ceremony and first-day exploration in 2024 designated the headquarters of ECOVE as a visit target. The headquarters building, designed with intelligent energy management and eco-friendly concepts, has obtained the "Taiwan Green Building EEWH Diamond Level," "Smart Building Diamond Level" dual certifications, and "U.S. Green Building LEED Gold Certification." Through the visit, participants learned that the overall planning of ECOVE's headquarters not only features human-centered, practical, and comfortable flexible office spaces but also incorporates advanced green building and smart building design techniques. This creates an intelligent green building that can engage in dialogue with people, facilities, and the environment while achieving energy conservation, sustainability, and environmental symbiosis. Participants also voiced their experiences through social media platforms like Facebook, showcasing Taiwan's deep commitment to sustainability to the world. In 2025, the Miaoli plant was once again selected as a designated visit location, marking the eighth consecutive time it has been chosen for this program. Through themed exhibition spaces and various multimedia functions, the visit connects the operations of the incineration plant with relevant environmental protection concepts, creating a Green Dream Works. Under the guidance of ECOVE colleagues, participants were educated on practical knowledge regarding waste resource classification, waste incineration treatment, air pollution control technologies, and energy recovery and power generation, enhancing their knowledge and values related to environmental protection and rooting the concept of sustainability.

Taiwan in My Eyes 120h - Fantastic Ten - The ECOVE headquarters building has been designated as a site for visits, and the participating teams took photos in front of the headquarters.

Exploring Taiwan's 120h - Fantastic Ten - Group Photo of Miaoli Plant Green Dream Works

Environmental Education Facilities: Empowering a Green Future

ECOVE has long been committed to environmental education and promotes a sustainable development model of Resource Cycling, environmental protection, and community co-existence through a close integration of its professional expertise and local resources. We firmly believe that environmental education should not be limited to knowledge transfer but should also be integrated into industrial practices. By using real-life cases, we aim to help students and the general public understand the key values of environmental protection, thereby strengthening public participation and expanding our influence. Therefore, ECOVE actively invests in the certification of environmental education facilities, transforming incineration plants into multifunctional environmental learning bases that encompass education, research, conservation, culture, and recreation. We tailor diverse environmental education programs based on the unique processing characteristics, geographical conditions, and cultural backgrounds of each facility, allowing visitors to gain an in-depth understanding of waste treatment and resource recycling operations, while also experiencing the practical process of the circular economy through interactive experiences.
 
Through this operational integration, ECOVE not only optimizes its own environmental protection technologies and resource management efficiency but also deepens collaboration with the community, expanding the impact of environmental education and ultimately realizing a sustainable vision of shared prosperity for enterprises, society, and the environment.
 
ECOVE has currently obtained certification for five environmental education venues, integrating its core business to diversify environmental education facilities. This transforms rigid and difficult-to-understand environmental knowledge into engaging experiential courses, promoting knowledge and skills related to environmental protection. Colleagues leverage their expertise in various fields, such as focusing on the green life cycle, utilizing technology to achieve a green supply chain and product carbon footprint, and maximizing the core values of the industry through ecological, production, and lifestyle resources. By obtaining certification for environmental education facilities, we aim to change everyone's environmental education DNA. Each venue under our brand has its unique teaching system and mission of environmental protection inheritance. In the future, we will continue to develop new environmental education courses, providing neighborhoods and communities with more engaging and locally distinctive environmental education services.
 
ECOVE's environmental education facility has 14 certified instructors who have passed the "Environmental Education Personnel" certification from the Ministry of the Environment's National Environmental Research Institute. They provide professional environmental education lectures and guided tours for the public, along with rich interactive experiences. In 2024, a total of 182 environmental education sessions will be offered, with 6,082 participants.

Environmental protection is not far from us, nor is it difficult. Through various environmental education programs, we can practice green actions in our daily lives, be friendly to the land, and protect the Earth! The Kundi Environmental Education Team offers a variety of environmental education courses, including new teaching materials on SDGs that are practical for daily life, waste incineration power generation, sustainable living, and DIY recycling courses. All courses are completely free, and we welcome applications from all sectors!
Activity items: Various environmental education visits. Target audience: Schools, organizations, groups, and community units can all apply.
Application method: Please contact the environmental education specialist via E-MAIL:
ecovecsr@ecove.com.

Visit to Keelung Plant by the Environmental Protection Bureau of Keelung City.

Miaoli Plant Environmental Education Mini Trip from Shanjiao Elementary School to Miaoli Plant

Step by step: Factories for Sustainable Environmental Education

Environmental education is not just about the transmission of knowledge; it is also about the cultivation of values and the development of action. In order to help the next generation understand the relationship between humans and nature, as well as between humans and the social and economic environment, and to foster the correct concepts of environmental protection and sustainable lifestyles from a young age, ECOVE has partnered with the CTCI Education Foundation to promote the "Step by step: Factories for Sustainable Environmental Education" program for seven consecutive years. Through enjoyable and educational activities, children learn through experience and grow through practice.
 
This project focuses on the operation and management of incinerators, as well as recycling and reuse, as core teaching materials. It aims to deepen the content continuously, designing age-appropriate activities for different age groups, while integrating the concept of the SDGs (United Nations Sustainable Development Goals). It includes eco-friendly hands-on experiences, such as making handmade paper fans and reusing seeds, allowing children to participate actively and build environmental awareness through practical activities. At the same time, we use visual education to guide children in understanding global environmental issues, such as the fact that there are up to 100 million tons of plastic waste in the oceans, thereby inspiring their sense of action, starting with rejecting straws and other plastic products, to contribute to the planet. In 2024, the "Step by step: Factories for Sustainable Environmental Education" program enters its fourth year of the second phase, with its influence continuing to expand. This year, a total of 22 events were held, with 1,221 teachers and students participating, reaching across Taiwan from the northern Keelung plant and Dingnei Elementary School all the way down to the southern Tainan plant and Xinxing Elementary School, even reaching remote areas in the east, bringing environmental education to Hualien Jiamin Elementary School and Sanzan Elementary School, allowing children with fewer resources to access comprehensive environmental education. ECOVE believes that the impact of environmental education should not be confined to the classroom but should start with children, gradually influencing families, further expanding to communities, and ultimately leading the entire society to place greater emphasis on environmental protection. In the future, we will continue to promote this program, providing more children with the opportunity to engage with environmental education, turning environmental awareness into a part of their lives, and working together for a cleaner and more sustainable future.

The ECOVE environmental education team visited Keelung Plant Dingnei Elementary School, leading the children to learn about the Keelung Plant.

The ECOVE Environmental Education Team visited Dalu Elementary School in Taoyuan to introduce the children to the Southern Taoyuan Plant Incineration Plant.

The ECOVE environmental education team visited Taoyuan Touzhou Elementary School, providing a lively explanation of the waste treatment process at the Taoyuan Bio-energy center, helping the children understand the importance of waste reduction.

The ECOVE environmental education team visited Houli Plant and Neipu Elementary School, allowing students to learn about the Houli Incineration Plant and promoting waste reduction.

The ECOVE Environmental Education Team visited the Tainan plant and Xin Xing Elementary School, where they engaged students in DIY activities to create recycled paper, allowing them to learn about resource cycling and reuse in their daily lives.

The ECOVE Environmental Education Team visited Sanzan Elementary School in the rural area of Hualien to promote the importance of waste reduction.

Long-term Community Building

In the past, waste incineration plants and other environmental facilities were often regarded as "NIMBY facilities," provoking resentment and concerns among residents. However, ECOVE has successfully reversed this stereotype through long-term environmental improvements and community engagement, transforming what was once a heavily resisted facility into a "neighborly and enjoyable facility" that coexists and thrives with the community. To reduce the impact on the surrounding environment, ECOVE actively promotes pollution reduction, energy conservation, carbon reduction, and environmental beautification, while also taking part in community affairs. They not only organize coastal  clean-up events but also participate in local community activities over the long term, making the incineration plant not just a place for waste disposal but a part of the community. These efforts have gradually transformed the once-rejected environmental facility into a friendly place that residents are willing to accept and even eager to participate in.
 
In addition, ECOVE has invested in community building for many years, organizing material donation events each year to encourage employees to donate toys, clothing, and books. With the philosophy of "making the most of resources and creating a cycle of goodness," these heartfelt resources are redistributed to those in need. At the same time, ECOVE encourages employees to actively participate in community and environmental education issues, further influencing owners and supply chain partners to collectively foster a corporate volunteer culture and practice corporate social responsibility. ECOVE's efforts have not only gained recognition from the community but have also demonstrated remarkable results in the field of corporate sustainability. In 2024, ECOVE actively responded to the group's ESG Award for Sustainable Excellence Impact Award, winning with two proposals. Among them, the proposal " Purple Butterflies Reflected Because of You," centered on species of concern to the group, combines environmental education with ecological conservation, embodying the spirit of ESG and successfully gaining the judges' favor. In the future, ECOVE will continue to deepen community engagement and environmental sustainability actions, using the award-winning proposals as benchmarks to continuously optimize operational models and promote environmental education, contributing more tangible impact to the sustainable development of the Earth.

Promote harmony among neighbors and integrate into the community

ECOVE upholds the concept of "mutual benefit in the local community" and actively participates in and supports the cultural development and environmental education of various communities. Through long-term and in-depth interactions, we are committed to playing the role of a facilitator in promoting environmental protection, cultural preservation, and community cohesion, working hand in hand with communities to create a sustainable future.
Deepening Local Culture: Long-term Participation in the Jiushe Cultural Festival
In the Jiushe community of Taichung City, the Houli plant has co-organized the "Jiushe Cultural Festival" for 21 consecutive years. This event combines local traditional culture with modern environmental concepts, providing a platform for both exchange and inheritance. Through participation, community residents not only gain a deeper understanding of local cultural arts but also subtly enhance their environmental awareness, fostering community cohesion and sense of identity.
Environmental Education Integrated with Community Characteristics
ECOVE's various plants, based on local characteristics, collaborate with community associations to integrate environmental concepts into daily life, achieving an educational model that emphasizes both knowledge transfer and practical action. For example, the Tainan plant, leveraging the area's rich natural resources, signed a memorandum of cooperation on environmental education with the Chengxi Community Development Association in An'nan District, Tainan City. They invited professional environmental education instructors to conduct courses, emphasizing the reuse of resource waste. Through hands-on teaching, students create artworks using simple tools and everyday waste, inspiring their creativity and environmental awareness.
 
The Miaoli plant not only integrates environmental education courses with field visits to the Mingde and Wennei communities, introducing local characteristic industries and ecological environments, but also participates in the local government's "2024 Miaoli Sustainable 365: Wonderful Moments of Environmental Education" and assists the CTCI Education Foundation in organizing the " Little Sustainable Engineer Camp," visiting nearby Zhunan Wetlands to understand the local Purple crow butterfly ecological environment.
Participating in Local Actions: Co-creating Diverse Cultures and Sustainable Living
ECOVE has long supported and participated in cultural and ecological activities in various communities, encouraging employees to actively engage with their families, demonstrating the company's top-down commitment to sustainable participation:
These activities showcase the diverse exchanges between ECOVE and the community, allowing employees to deepen their understanding of environmental and cultural issues through participation. 

ECOVE participated in the Autumn Earth Art Festival organized by the Beautiful Waterways Association

Nanke Plant responds to the Southern Science Park Administration's "2024 Sports at Nanke" event, promoting good sports habits.

Miaoli plant 2024 Miaoli Sustainable 365: Wonderful Moments of Environmental Education

Gangshan Plant's "Net Zero Mission Challenge: Walking Together in Forest"

The Miaoli plant's "Little Sustainable Engineer Camp" provides an on-site experience at the green dream factory located in the Miaoli plant, where participants learn how the incineration plant operates and how to improve equipment efficiency. They also visit the nearby Zhunan Wetlands to gain a practical understanding of the ecological environment of Purple crow butterfly.

Protecting the Community Environment, Good Neighbors locally

ECOVE is not only a promoter of the circular economy but also a good neighbor dedicated to protecting the community environment. For a long time, we have taken practical actions to safeguard the living environment of our facilities and surrounding communities,
including:
Daily environmental maintenance
Our various operational sites have long been committed to maintaining the facility and surrounding environment, regularly and irregularly conducting road cleaning operations, rehabilitating lawns, and utilizing waste as installation art, among other activities.
Beach cleaning, forest cleaning, and green space adoption initiatives
For operational sites near coastlines and forests, such as the Keelung plant, Southern Taoyuan plant, Bio-energy center, Miaoli plant, Xizhou plant, Nanke plant, and Tainan plant, ECOVE has long promoted beach and forest cleaning activities. Although single cleaning efforts cannot eradicate the problem of marine and forest waste, these actions have successfully raised colleagues' awareness and participation in environmental issues, further implementing plastic reduction and avoidance in daily life. In 2024, a total of 1,181.5 hours were dedicated to community service, with 10 beach/forest cleaning events held, collecting 6,772 kilograms of waste. Additionally, in 2024, ECOVE began adopting green spaces, taking care of nearly 4,600 square meters of green space in the Guanyin Industrial Park, creating a positive image for the park and bringing lasting greenery and vitality to the industrial community.
Caring for local biodiversity
ECOVE continues to deepen its commitment to biodiversity. In addition to environmental cleaning, we actively engage in species conservation and ecological education, integrating nature protection into our corporate sustainability strategy. Since 2020, we have participated in the "Tamsui River Covenant" initiative by CommonWealth Magazine for five consecutive years, actively participating in environmental actions for the Tamsui River; in 2024, we focused on "biodiversity" and collaborated with the Guandu International Nature Art Festival to promote the action "Strengthening Green Water Vitality, Protecting Wetland Biodiversity" at Guandu Nature Park, advocating for aquatic ecological protection and the concept of symbiosis and mutual prosperity.
 
Moreover, regarding the species Purple crow butterfly that ECOVE is concerned about, we have leveraged the advantages of environmental education to create a series of activities, including hosting an Purple crow butterfly ecological lecture, inviting the Taiwan Purple crow butterfly Conservation Association as speakers, attracting about 230 participants. At the same time, we established Purple crow butterfly environmental education zones at various plants to promote knowledge about Purple crow butterfly's habitat and migration. To cultivate professional environmental education guides, we organized environmental education seed teacher training workshops. In addition to educational promotion, we actively participated in the tagging activities in Maolin and the survey of Purple crow butterfly-friendly plants in Zhunan Wetland, where nearly a thousand Purple crow butterfly were tagged. Through hands-on operations, we gained a deeper understanding of the migration process of Purple crow butterfly; furthermore, we designed LINE stickers that combine Purple crow butterfly characteristics with everyday language, integrating conservation concepts into daily life.
 
As the relationship between businesses and society becomes increasingly close, ECOVE will continue to expand cooperation with local communities, public sectors, non-profit organizations, and other parties to actively implement the corporate mission of friendliness, mutual benefit, and sustainable development, injecting a continuous stream of positive energy into the co-creation of a better living environment.

Xizhou Plant Clean-up Activity

Tainan plant participated in a beach cleanup activity at the top of Taijiang.

Bio-energy center Beach Clean-up Activity

ECOVE SRC Guanyin Industrial Park Green Space Adoption

Friendly Corporate Volunteers for the Common Good

ECOVE colleagues have come together with love to establish the "Friendly Charity Society," continuously launching diverse charitable initiatives and calling on employees to participate together, injecting positive energy into society. Corporate social responsibility should not just be an idea; it should be integrated into the daily actions of every employee. ECOVE also combines practices such as resource reuse and material sharing, merging environmental protection with charity, promoting a cycle of goodness, and realizing the values of sustainability and mutual benefit.

Friendly Public Welfare, Caring for the Disadvantaged

ECOVE is deeply committed to local social care, encouraging employees to proactively propose charitable actions through the "Friendly Charity Society" and exploring diverse ways to help others. We collaborate with charitable organizations and communities to continuously promote actions that care for disadvantaged groups, including GUANYIN LOVE HOME, the Taichung Baby Care Program, and the Chung-Yi Social Welfare Foundation's Invoice Collection, as well as purchasing cookies from the Hualien Dawn Shelter Workshop to help social welfare organizations in earthquake disaster areas regain stable living conditions. Starting in 2024, we will also collaborate with the Sunshine Social Welfare Foundation to hold "Sustainable Giving: Spreading Love at Christmas," where we will adopt children's wish lists and donate Christmas gifts and daily necessities, ensuring that the warmth of the holiday season continues and embodying the concepts of sharing and sustainability. These activities are actively participated in by our colleagues, allowing the company's compassion to reach every corner of the community and achieve long-term and tangible positive impacts.
Finding a New Home for Resources: Sharing Resources to Extend Love
Upholding the core spirit of "cherishing every resource," ECOVE has long promoted resource reuse and material circulation. Through the "Friendly Charity Society," it integrates internal and external charitable resources, giving items a new life and ensuring they truly reach those in need. For example:
 
In-depth Community Care
The volunteer teams at ECOVE's various plants actively participate in local community welfare actions, identifying local needs and providing tangible support. For example, the Houli plant collaborates with the Jiushe community activities by donating care packages that include essential living supplies. ECOVE Waste Management Corporation and the Southern Taoyuan plant engage in the Love Home activity to gain a deeper understanding of the materials lacking in homes, offering practical support and feedback. The offerings for the Zhongyuan Festival at each business location are organized and then returned to nearby community units to ensure that the resources are utilized to their fullest potential.
 
The value of a company lies not only in its output but also in its ability to bring about positive change in society. ECOVE will continue to realize its vision of friendly coexistence and sustainable development through practical actions.

The International Christian Care Association "Life Without Spare Old Shoes Saves Lives" event

Donating love computers for 10 consecutive years

Taipei colleagues to Chung-Yi Social Welfare Foundation Invoice Collection

ECOVE Waste Management Corporation held the Taichung Baby Care Program charity event.

To ensure the effective use of resources, the offerings gathered by the company Zhongyuan Pudu are returned to local community organizations

The Houli plant connects with community care and distributes love boxes with the village chief of Jiushe.

ECOVE colleagues respond to "Sustainable Giving: Spreading Love at Christmas"

Support Hualien by purchasing cookies from the Hualien Dawn Shelter Workshop, helping social welfare organizations in earthquake-affected areas regain stable lives and embrace a positive future.

Multiculturalism is Present, Cultivating Future Influence

To deepen cultural connotations and promote cultural economic development, ECOVE in 2024 will focus on two major activities: the "Little Sustainable Engineer Camp" and the "City Seekers - Biodiversity Collaboration Project," actively promoting environmental education and ecological conservation. In addition, ECOVE encourages employees to practice green consumption through the Green New Life Movement, supporting ESG-friendly vendors and fostering a positive cycle of culture, environment, and economy, achieving the cultural value of "more local, more international."
Cultivating Future Talent
Little Sustainable Engineer Camp, Transforming Children into Sustainability Advocates
The "Little Sustainable Engineer Camp," jointly organized by ECOVE, the CTCI Education Foundation, and its parent company CTCI Engineering, attracted enthusiastic participation from 49 students from 29 elementary schools in 2024. This event aims to enhance children's professional knowledge in environmental sustainabi l i ty and engineering, cul t ivate autonomous learning abilities, and inspire future talents. The camp's activities cover sustainable living, environmental education, and workplace visits for engineers. Through observation experiences, SDGs board games, and creative DIY engineering projects, students integrate the concept of sustainable development into practical actions. At the end of the event, the students presented their reflections in groups during the graduation ceremony, sharing their learning outcomes and insights from the three days, showcasing their commitment and creativity towards environmental sustainability. It is hoped that through the "Little Sustainable Engineer Camp," children will not only learn engineering knowledge but also become future advocates for sustainability, embracing challenges with the spirit of engineers and bravely navigating towards the future.
Ecological Conservation Action
The City Seekers Project connects nine major exhibition halls to co-create a biodiversity conservation network.
The “City Seekers - Biodiversity Collaboration Project” is an activity jointly organized by ECOVE and its parent company, CTCI. Starting from the theme of biodiversity, ECOVE will work together with the Zhishan Cultural and Ecological Garden and the nine cultural heritage pavilions to practice ecological conservation and invite the public to care about the issue of biodiversity, from participating in surveys to implementing conservation projects, and taking practical actions to protect the environment.
Green Consumption
Employee New Lifestyle Movement, Supporting ESG-Friendly Industries
The cultural industry combines employees' green new lifestyle movement, and after a vote completed by colleagues, 15 featured vendors with ESG highlights were selected. Employees are free to choose and purchase according to their needs, allowing them to use healthy and environmentally friendly products, contributing to the planet. From a sustainable management perspective, it is hoped that through the green new lifestyle movement, employees and their families will be encouraged to prioritize health, while also supporting environmental and social concerns through green consumption power. The sustainability and net-zero office focuses on communicating and understanding the ESG content of vendors. During the negotiation process, local materials, friendly products, and employment opportunities for disadvantaged groups are reviewed to reduce energy consumption on the environment and society. This not only provides employees with better consumption choices but also fosters a symbiotic relationship with the planet and the environment, boosting the cultural economy.

The Little Sustainable Engineer Camp enhances students' knowledge of environmental sustainability and engineering-related expertise, fostering their ability to learn independently.

2024 “City Seekers - Biodiversity Collaboration Project”: Based on the theme of biodiversity, we practiced eco-conservation together with the Zhishan Cultural and Ecological Garden and 9 major cultural heritage pavilions

Responding to International Initiatives

ECOVE actively connects with external initiatives, with the director and colleagues serving as initiative ambassadors. Through the power of multimedia, it conveys the spirit of important international initiatives and shares ECOVE's execution results. Participation in these activities not only enhances colleagues' awareness of issues such as climate change and ecological environment but also integrates charitable concepts, calling for everyone to recognize their ability and responsibility to change the world in the face of global climate change. As long as we care for the land we live on with heart and action, we can support our planet and create more positive impacts for society.
 
The ECOVE Group responds to international initiatives by having colleagues from its various
companies serve as initiative ambassadors. They lead all employees in establishing corporate citizenship awareness, integrating sustainability and environmental issues into daily life, while also internalizing the attention and importance of volunteer activities into the corporate culture.